Heart murmurs for beginners Part 1:Aortic & Mitral stenosis, Aortic & mitral regurgitation.

Introduction to Heart Murmurs

[00:00] Hello and welcome back to The Learn Medicine Show. My name is Dr Coleman and in this episode we are covering four heart murmurs which typically come up in exams. We're going to start by covering the

Understanding Basic Heart Sounds

[00:20] basic cart sounds, then we'll add in the murmurs so you get to know these. Let's get into this. Heart sounds can be graphically represented in medical notes as S1, S2 and S1 again, and this represents one movement through the cardiac cycle. The gap between S1 and S2 is known as systole,

[00:40] the gap between S2 and S1 is known as diastole. Before we start adding in murmurs, I want you to be first familiar with the normal heart sound. So let's briefly cover these. The S1 heart sound usually sounds like the word love and the S2 dub. Let's add in the heart sounds briefly so you

What Causes Heart Murmurs?

[01:00] you can familiarise yourself with this. Now let's turn our attention towards heart murmurs. Murmurs occur when there is a disruption of normal laminar blood flow. The disruption can

[01:20] be caused by physiological or pathophysiological conditions and this leads to turbulent flow which produces audible vibrations and these audible vibrations vary in their volume based on the turbulent flow produced and these pictorial representation of sound waves are what we use to document murmurs in our

Aortic Stenosis: Murmur Characteristics & Mechanism

[01:40] heart sounds diagram. So let's get down to business now and start by looking at systolic murmurs. Our first systolic murmur is aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis typically produces what's known as an ejection systolic murmur. This is a murmur that occurs during systole and is represented by a crescendo decry

[02:00] endo sound wave. One strategy for recognizing and remembering this murmur is using the schema LUB WUSH DUP. We'll now add in the murmur and heart sounds so you can fully appreciate this.

[02:20] This murmur is produced by the abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve. Let's take a closer look now at how this occurs. Blood flows from the

[02:40] into the ventricles. And the first heart sound is produced by closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves. Systole then occurs where the ventricles contract. This forces blood through the pulmonary and aortic valves. Narrowing of the aortic valve creates turbulent flow through the aorta. It is this turbulent blood

[03:00] flow that produces our crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Finally, the S2 heart sound is produced by closure of the pulmonary and the aortic valve. Let's now add in the murmur so that you can appreciate this in real time.

Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis

[03:20] Now that we've heard the murmur, let's take a closer look at aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is caused by abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve and the atiology includes age-related

[03:40] calcification, congenital bicuspid valve, and rheumatic fever. The clinical history will typically include angina, syncope, and dyspnea. The murmur of aortic stenosis is characterized as an ejection systolic murmur. Murmur is louder in expiration.

[04:00] and is heard best in the aortic region and in the apex of the heart. The murmur radiates in the direction of blood flow towards the carotid arteries. On clinical examination, you may also find a slow rising pulse and low blood pressure. Let's turn our attention to mytrophy

Mitral Regurgitation: Understanding the Pancystolic Murmur

[04:20] regurgitation. Here we have another systolic murmur, but this time it's described as a pan-systolic murmur and as you may have already gathered from its name, this occurs throughout the entire duration of systole. This murmur is represented visually with a plateau waveform, meaning that the volume of the murmur remains

[04:40] consistent throughout its duration. In the pancystolic murmur, the murmur is so loud that it drowns out S1 and S2 and instead a burring sound is heard. Let's pause and take a quick listen to this now.

[05:00] This pancystolic murmur is caused by abnormal closure of the mitral valve. Let's take a closer look to get a better understanding of this. So blood flows from the atria through the mitral and tricuspid valves into the ventricles.

[05:20] and at this point the mitral and tricuspid valves would normally close to produce our S1 heart sound. But instead of this, the mitral valve prolapses into the left atrium and this causes turbulent blood flow which generates a murmur that drowns out the S1 and the S2 heart sound. Let's add in

[05:40] murmur so that you can appreciate this in real time. Mitral regurgitation is caused by abnormal closure of the mitral valve and this can be due to a number of reasons including mitral prolapse,

[06:00] ischemic heart disease, rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis. The clinical history will usually include dyspnea and fatigue. Mitral regurgitation produces a

[06:20] hand-systolic murder that is loudest at the apex of the heart and radiates into the left axilla. Other signs you may see on examination include a displaced apex beat and a parasternal heave. In severe cases you may see peripheral edema. Let's now

Aortic Regurgitation: Early Diastolic Murmur & Clinical Features

[06:40] turn our attention towards diastolic murmurs and we're going to cover two. The first one is aortic regurgitation. This murmur is heard during diastole and is considered an early diastolic murmur. It is represented pictorially with a decrescendo sound wave. The words lub tah

[07:00] can be used to describe how this murmur sounds. Let's listen to this in real time so you can appreciate this better.

[07:20] regurgitation is caused by abnormal closure of the aortic valve. Let's take a closer look at this using an animation. The first heart sound is produced by closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves. Systole then occurs during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood through the pulmonary and aortic valves.

[07:40] Incomplete closure of the aortic valve allows blood to regurgitate back into the ventricle. This turbulent blood flow causes our diastolic murmur. Let's now add in the heart sounds and watch this occur in real time.

[08:00] Aortic regurgitation is caused by abnormal closure of the aortic valve. This may occur due to rheumatic fever, but is also seen in connective tissue diseases such as Marfan's syndrome and rheumatological conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

[08:20] Another possible cause is infective endocarditis. The clinical history will usually present with dyspnea and the patient may present with symptoms of angina. Aortic regurgitation produces an early diastolic murmur that is heard loudest of the left sternal edge.

Mitral Stenosis: Mid-Diastolic Murmur & Pathophysiology

[08:40] radiates towards the apex of the heart. Other signs you might see on clinical examination include a collapsing pulse, a wide pulse pressure and a displaced apex beat. Now let's turn our attention to our final murmur, the murmur of mitral stenosis.

[09:00] Mitral stenosis produces a diastolic murmur that is described as a mid-diastolic murmur. It has an opening snap and a decrescendo sound wave, meaning it starts loud and then becomes quieter. To help recognise this mid-diastolic murmur, the term

[09:20] But l'auvedire are often used. Let's pause for a moment to listen to this in real time so that you can appreciate this better.

[09:40] cystole then occurs

[10:00] where ventricular contraction pushes blood through the pulmonary and aortic valves. Closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves produces the S2 heart sound. But milliseconds after this, accumulated blood in the left atrium increases the left atrial pressure to a point where the stiffened

[10:20] valve is forced open and this produces an opening snap almost immediately after s2. Blood rushes through the narrowed mitral valve producing turbulent flow and this is audible vibrations from these that produce our mid-diastolic decrescendo

Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Mitral Stenosis

[10:40] murmur. Let's take a moment now to add in the murmur so you can appreciate it in real time. Mitral stenosis is an abnormal

[11:00] normal narrowing of the mitral valve. The most common cause of this is rheumatic fever, and less common causes include congenital heart disease and systemic diseases such as lupus. The clinical history typically presents with dyspnea and palpitations if atrial fibrillation

Conclusion and Next Steps for Learning

[11:20] is present. Itrosinosis produces a mid-diastolic murmur with an opening snap that is heard loudest at the apex and radiates to the axilla. Other signs that you may see on clinical examination include malar flush and a tapping apex beat. And that brings us to the end

[11:40] the tutorial so if you enjoyed this please like and subscribe, share with your friends and let me know what you think in the comments below. Thanks for dropping by, I'll see you again soon.